One of the collections held by the Arthur H. Aufses, Jr. MD Archives is the Roosevelt Hospital School of Nursing records (1896-1974). A gift to the collection is a scrapbook from alumna Evelyn I.V. Howard, class of 1908, who captured images of her fellow classmates and house staff physicians during her years in training there. Included among her friends were images of Nina Gage, who went on to join a missionary outreach in Changsha, Hunan Province in China in 1909. Gage worked in the hospital created by the team, and established a nursing school for both men and women. The scrapbook includes images of the hospital founded by the team as well as the nursing school students’ classes and hospital scenes sent to Howard by Gage. They illustrate an important time in the development of China’s medical history.
This is the cover of the Howard scrapbook, which is wrapped in the blue and white striped cloth of the Roosevelt Hospital School of Nursing student uniform. The Roosevelt family coat of arms and motto is pictured at the bottom right. The Roosevelt family coat of arms, as depicted here in blue and black, includes a rosebud bearing three roses with a crest consisting of a helmet and three ostrich plumes. The family motto in the ribbon below the crest reads “Qui plantavit curabit” which means “The one who planted it will take care of it” or “He who will plant will cultivate.”
NURSING IN CHINA
Nursing, as a profession, was almost unheard of in pre-20th century China. Traditional Chinese healers diagnosed patients by observing various parts of the body – the tongue, the pulse (taken in both arms), and asking extensive questions. They then prescribed herbal remedies, massage, acupuncture or other methods to balance yin and yang – the two great opposing and complimentary forces in nature – to bring the body back into balance. (Forgive the simplification; this is a very basic explanation of Chinese medicine.) The family themselves, or their servants, in wealthy households, treated the patient at home – hospitals were also introduced by western missionaries – following the prescribed treatment. It is significant to note that most of the care givers were men.
Bathing a hospital patient
Men’s medical ward decorated for Christmas. The man in black is a probationer (nursing student in training).
Feeding a helpless patient in Yali Hospital.
THE YALE-IN-CHINA MISSION
Starting in the 1880s, western missionaries brought modern medical methods to various large cities of China where they established missions’ projects. One team, organized by Yale University’s Christian Missions Society, was the Yale-in-China mission. The team consisted of members of the Yale class of 1898 and their families. Additionally, Nina Gage, a 1908 graduate of the Roosevelt Hospital School of Nursing, and sister to team-member Brownall Gage, joined them in 1909 to work as a nurse in the hospital/clinic and to help establish a modern nursing program.
One of the team members, working with experienced missionaries from a northern project, arrived in 1902 to visit possible cities to establish the work. He then reported back to the Yale Missions Society board and the project team about the cities he visited for their consideration. Eventually they chose the city of Changsha, Hunan Province in southern China to establish the Yale-in-China Mission. Selected for its large size, Changsha was considered extremely clean and well built, according to the more experienced missionaries. Changsha’s alleys were paved with granite and it had a good sewage system, compared to other cities. Other missionaries had high opinions of the people there, citing them as born leaders who were very independent and influential in Chinese culture and life.
Map of southern China, highlighting Hunan province and the city of Changsha (this image and the following two are courtesy of Nancy E. Chapman)
In 1904, the team rented two buildings near the center of the city that were large enough to support their plans to establish a prep school and college, a medical school and hospital/clinic, as well as a nurse training school. One building was large enough to carve out several classrooms and dormitory space for students and housing for the team, while the other building served as a hospital/clinic.
Left: The Yale Mission’s early medical work was led by Edward Hume, M.D., Yale class of 1897. Hume (right) is pictured with two Chinese colleagues at the door of the mission’s first clinic and hospital, housed in a converted inn in the crowded center of Changsha.
NINA D. GAGE
Nina Diadamia Gage was born in 1883 in Brooklyn, and she and her siblings grew up in and around New York City. She attended Wellesley College, where, like her older brother, she was an active member of the missionary committee. After graduating, Gage entered Roosevelt Hospital’s Training School for Nursing, which had opened in 1896. (Roosevelt Hospital was renamed Mount Sinai West in 2015.)
Nina Gage as a student nurse, relaxing on a building rooftop, at Roosevelt Hospital’s School of Nursing, circa 1907
At that time, student nurses were trained at the bedside by the senior student nurses, as graduate professional nurses were few in those years. The junior nurses, who served as floor staff, were taught to take vitals, change bandages, feed and clean patients, note changes in the patient’s condition to report to the attending physician during rounds, and keep the ward itself clean. Weekly lectures by the staff physicians supplemented and expanded the bedside training. Monthly lectures considered a different area of medical care. One would assume these lessons were repeated by Gage to her Chinese students.
After graduating in 1908, Gage was employed as a night nurse while making the necessary arrangements to move to Changsha in 1909 to join her brother and the Yale team. She thought it was important to learn the language, and took that first year to study it while she worked in the “Yali Hospital” (as it was called) clinic and assisted the doctors in surgery and planning the establishment of the nursing school, which opened in 1913.
This image captures nurse Gage in preparations for surgery at the Yali Hospital, undated (note: faded original image)
THE HSIANG-YA NURSING SCHOOL
Since nursing as a profession was new in China, Gage had the interesting – and daunting – privilege to create the Chinese name for it. She selected “Scholars to Watch and Guard” or more briefly, “Guard Scholars” – to indicate nurses.
Advertising posters were hung around the city to announce the opening of the school, inviting “both boys and girls to be admitted for training in a new profession” (Hume, E., p. 168). The entrance requirements for the “Scholars to Watch and Guard” training were two years of middle school and passing the school’s entrance examinations in Chinese and arithmetic. Parental consent and the payment of school fees were also required. On examination day, twenty girls and forty boys arrived to take the tests. A few applicants backed out, intimidated by the exam questions, but in the end, five girls and seven boys became the first class of trainees.
Nurses and probationary students in the Men’s Nursing School division, undated
Female students, in particular, had problems gaining entrance, as at that time, girls were prepared from a young age for marriage and lived very secluded lives, neither meeting nor socializing with boys outside of immediate family. However, once they demonstrated success in passing the entrance exams, doubtful parents were content to allow them to continue and in the end were very proud to have graduate ‘Guard Scholar’ daughters in crisp white uniforms, ready to serve their communities in such a positive way.
The images above and below are of bandaging class practice. Men and women were taught separately, out of respect for Chinese culture, which kept women apart from men who were outside of their immediate family. Likewise, only men worked in the men’s ward and the women in the women’s wards, at least until the 1930s, by which time women dominated the nursing field in China.
Initially the nursing school and hospital were simply called the Yali School, but in the early teens, both were renamed “Hsiang-Ya” – “Hsiang” indicating “Hunan” and “Ya” indicating “Yale,” highlighting the partnership of Hunanese teachers and students with the Yale teachers and administrators.
Yale School front courtyard, 1909 (note: faded original image)
Preparing salt solutions, 1915
Preparing and sorting of supplies, 1915
In 1927, due to the on-going political turmoil, all foreigners were expelled from China, the Yale-in-China Mission closed, and the team returned to the United States. By 1929, however, the Yale-in-China work resumed, but under Chinese leadership and direction. The hospital and schools of the Yale Mission continue to exist to this day, though they have been absorbed into larger university settings. The relationship between Yale University and China also continues to this day as Yale-China (雅礼协会), based in New Haven, CT, which “bridges the United States and China through collaborative partnerships in education, healthcare, and the arts” (The Yale-China mission statement, from their webpage).
Most of the photographs in Ms. Howard’s scrapbook have short captions on the back, usually with dates. This one reads: “During the Tuchun’s war – bringing in wounded,” unfortunately it is undated.
Gage is among the handful of notable women who brought modern professional nursing to China. In additional to teaching and working in the hospital, Gage helped found the Nurses’ Association of China (NAC) in 1909, signifying the start of a professional nursing movement in the country. The founding members were mostly western missionary nurses who came together to organize, but they were soon joined by Chinese colleagues. By 1915, China established an examination system for the professional certification of nurses, followed by other advances to promote nursing education across the Asian continent.
Nina Gage taking a meal in her home, circa 1915
In 1912, Gage was elected as the first president of the NAC, serving a two-year term. She went on to serve as the chairperson of its education committee. After a brief return to the U.S. during WWI, where she taught wartime nursing at Vassar, Gage returned to Chine and was appointed Dean of the Hsiang-Ya Nursing School, as it was renamed.
Superintendent Gage and the senior class of 1915
GAGE’S POST-CHINA LIFE
Upon returning to the United States in 1927, Nina Gage continued to work in nursing and was active in its support organizations. From 1925 to 1929, she served as president of the International Council of Nurses, representing China. She was executive secretary of the National League for Nursing Education from 1928 to 1931. In 1930, during her term as president of the Roosevelt Hospital School of Nursing Alumnae Association, she started The Roosevelt Hospital School of Nursing Alumnae Association Bulletin, later renamed The Roosevelt Review, which published news about alumnae activities but also included articles on developments in nursing practice and medicine in general. Throughout her working years, Gage remained active in the National Nursing Association and the American Nurses Association. Gage also published several articles on nursing in China for The American Journal of Nursing and as well as authoring two books: A General History of Nursing in 1933 and Communicable Diseases in 1940.
In the U.S. Gage continued working as a teacher to the next generation of professionals. In 1927 she became educational director and director of the nursing department of the Willard Parker Hospital in NYC. In 1931, the historically Black Hampton Institute (Hampton, VA) appointed Gage as director of its new nursing school. She taught at the Jersey City Medical Center Nursing School during the 1934-1935 school year and then went to the Newport Hospital (Newport, R.I.) as director of its school of nursing from 1935 to 1943. In 1949, Newport Hospital’s Gage Hall was named in her honor. From 1943 until her retirement in 1945, she was the Director of Nursing at the Protestant Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee. She died on October 18, 1946, at the age of 63.
Yuhong, Jiang. “Shaping modern nursing development in China before 1949.” International Journal of Nursing Science. 2016 Dec 29; 4 (1): 19-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31406712/
As we plan the new year ahead of us, we recognize the historic achievements of Mount Sinai and honor the tremendous work undertaken by the Icahn School of Medicine and the Health System. You will notice that there are fewer references to our deep history in this year’s milestones because we have grown at a super exponential rate in the past 25 years. This year, we’re celebrating the following events…
1850 (175 years ago)
St. Luke’s Hospital Board filed incorporation paperwork, and the charter for the hospital was signed.
David Kearny McDonogh, MD, born into slavery, was the first Black American Ophthalmologist. He changed his middle name in honor of his mentor, John Kearny Rodgers, MD (founder of the New York Eye Infirmary, now the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, with Edward Delafield, MD). They worked together for 11 years at the New York Eye Infirmary.
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary depicted decades later in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated, 1875
1875 (150 years ago)
The Mount Sinai Hospital’s formal Outpatient Dispensary Staff was established with Mary Putnam Jacobi, MD, heading the Children’s Clinic and Paul F. Mundé, MD, leading the Gynecology Clinic. Medicine and Surgery also created separate outpatient clinics.
Mary Putnam Jacobi, MD (1842-1906)Paul F. Mundé, MD (1846-1902)
1900 (125 years ago)
The Mount Sinai Hospital Dermatology Service was created under Sigismund Lustgarten, MD.
The Mount Sinai Hospital established the first Neurological Service in a New York hospital.
Early Neurology Chiefs (left to right): Morris Bender, MD (1951-1974), Bernard Sachs, MD (1900-1924), and Israel Wechsler, MD (1938-1950)
The Mount Sinai Hospital purchased its first X-ray machine, which was placed in the corner of a synagogue.
Gold medal awarded to The Mount Sinai Hospital Training School for Nurses (later renamed The Mount Sinai Hospital School of Nursing in 1923) at the Paris Universal Exposition, for excellence.
Graduate pin, circa 1890s to 1922
1925 (100 years ago)
To allow for continuous support, The Mount Sinai Hospital created a permanent fund to provide an endowment for research.
The Daly’s Astoria Sanatorium was founded, which became Mount Sinai Queens in 1999.
Original Daly’s building, circa 1925
Dental outpatient clinic opened at The Mount Sinai Hospital.
1950 (75 years ago)
Roosevelt Hospital (now Mount Sinai West) established its Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
J. William Littler, MD, established hand surgery as the first-of-its-kind service at Roosevelt Hospital.
Hand surgery, 1975
The Mount Sinai Hospital Trustees agreed to staff the health facility at Carver Houses, a public housing project on Madison Avenue across from the hospital.
The Mount Sinai Hospital’s Anesthesiology Department was founded when Milton Adelman, MD, became Director. The residency program, which grew to five residents, replaced all but one of the nurse anesthetists.
Anesthesiology staff, 1957
1975 (50 years ago)
A sports medicine program was established by the Department of Orthopedics at Mount Sinai Medical Center under the leadership of Burton Berson, MD.
St. Luke’s Hospital (now Mount Sinai Morningside) opened the first hospital-based hospice program, and second hospice program of any kind, in the United States for the terminally ill, under the direction of Chaplain Carlton Sweetser and Samuel Klagsbrun, MD.
News of St. Luke’s article, 1976with Dr. Cicely Saunders, known for founding the hospice movement, and Chaplain Sweetser and Dr. Klagsbrun
The Institute of Computer Science, led by Aran Safir, MD, and the Department of Biostatistics, led by Harry Smith, Jr., PhD were established at The Mount Sinai Hospital to conduct research, provide training and offer consulting services. Worked on “developing computerized medical consultation systems and consultation networks” and “computer-based health care delivery systems.”
The Mount Sinai Hospital School of Continuing Education in Nursing was formed using the charter of the recently closed The Mount Sinai Hospital School of Nursing. The first classes were held in 1976.
The Radiology Department at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (now the Mount Sinai Health System) received a new Delta scanner, allowing it to do CT scans for the first time.
St. Luke’s Hospital created the first National Institutes of Health-funded obesity research center under Theodore B. Van Itallie, MD.
Photo from News of St. Luke’s, 1977showing Drs. Pi-Sunyer and Van Itallie
Eugene Friedman, MD, introduced laser beam surgery at Mount Sinai Medical Center using a CO₂ laser knife.
1995 (30 years ago)
Three Internal Medicine residents partnered with one of the nurses at Internal Medicine Associates to start the Mount Sinai Visiting Doctors Program, one of the largest and most recognized home-based primary care programs in the country. Last year we recognized that it had been 140 years since the Mount Sinai Hospital Board of Directors approved the creation of “Outdoor Visiting Physicians” in 1884.
Drs. David Muller, Laurent Adler, and Jeremy Boal, circa 1996
The Mount Sinai School of Medicine (now the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai) Consortium for Graduate Medical Education (GME) was established with the assistance of a two-year grant from the New York State Education Department. Barry Stimmel, MD, was named the Dean.
Then-First Lady Hillary Clinton visited the Beth Israel Medical Center (later named Mount Sinai Beth Israel), focusing on breast cancer treatment for Medicare recipients.
Eye on B.I. Winter 1995 issue cover depicting Hilary Rodham Clinton and Morton P. Hyman, then Chairman of the Board of Trustees
The Department of Human Genetics at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine became the first approved residency program in Medical Genetics in the country.
Dr. Christine Eng looking at DNA sequencing gel, 1993
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary established New York City’s first hospital-based hearing aid dispensary.
Alex Stagnaro-Green, MD, Dean of Student Affairs, founded the Office of Research Opportunities for students of Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
2000 (25 years ago)
The Morningside Clinic, a new home for HIV outpatient services, opened under St. Luke’s Hospital.
The Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Urology announced a new Prostate Health Center endowed by the family of Barbara and Maurice A. Deane.
Mount Sinai Department of Medicine created a hospitalist program.
A Division of Family Medicine was created within Mount Sinai’s Department of Preventive Medicine.
An Integrative Medicine Center for Health and Healing was created at Beth Israel Medical Center.
Mount Sinai Medical Center’s Human Resources Department launched the New Beginnings program as new employee orientation.
The Robert and John M. Bendheim Parkinson’s Disease Center (now the Robert and John M. Bendheim Parkinson and Movement Disorders Center) was established in the Department of Neurology.
Beth Israel Medical Center became the first institution in Manhattan to perform a robotic-assisted cardiothoracic procedure.
2005 (20 years ago)
Researchers at St. Luke’s-Roosevelt constructed a hybrid form of HIV that could be replicated in conventional lab mice, marking the first time non-genetically altered rodents were productively infected with a form of the virus.
Trustee Leon D. Black committed $10 million to Mount Sinai School of Medicine to establish the Black Family Stem Cell Institute. Directed by Gordon Keller, PhD, it integrated research in embryonic stem cells, developmental biology, and adult stem cell biology.
The Beatrix Hamburg Medical Student Training Fellowship in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry sponsored by The Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation, was created in the Department of Psychiatry, offering training programs that expose medical students to the field of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
The Mount Sinai Hospital was the first hospital in New York State to use the Berlin Heart pump to keep a little girl alive for two weeks until she received a heart transplant. The pump was still experimental in the United States.
The Mount Sinai Medical Center signed a new agreement with the New York State Nurses Association giving nurses a new starting salary of $68,003.
The Parental Loss and Bereavement Program (The Mount Sinai Hospital), directed by Claude M. Chemtob, PhD, and coordinated by Joan Roth, PhD, was established in the Department of Psychiatry as a new clinical service for parents who lose a child of any age, for any reason, and for surviving siblings.
Mrs. Henry J. (Catherine) Gaisman endows the Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine in the Department of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Medical Center.
Martha Stewart announced a generous gift to create The Martha Stewart Center for Living at Mount Sinai, a new site for the outpatient clinical practice of geriatric medicine.
Center event with Dr. Burton Drayer (left), Martha Kostyra (2nd from right), and Martha Stewart (right), 2006
The Mount Sinai School of Medicine created the Center for Global Health to focus on the “needs of underserved populations, both at home and abroad.”
The Department of Surgery created a Global Surgical Health program as part of the general surgical residency. See page 10 of this 2008-2009 Annual Report for a description of Global Initiatives in countries such as Peru, Vietnam, and the Dominican Republic.
The Asian Services Program was established at Beth Israel to meet the health needs of the Asian American community by providing easy and seamless access to high quality inpatient and outpatient care to bridge gaps in patient care through extensive community outreach, particularly in Chinatown’s Chinese community.
The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary created the Sleep Center.
2010 (15 years ago)
After a magnitude 7 earthquake in Haiti, Mount Sinai sent a team of 20 to National Hospital in Port Au Prince, which included surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, a pediatrician, OR techs, and support staff. Led by Dr. Michael Marin and facilitated by Dr. Ernest Benjamin, the team returned home after seven days, having performed over 120 surgical procedures, helping to establish record-keeping systems, and delivering 4,000 pounds of medical supplies.
Mount Sinai Team in Port Au Prince, Haiti
The first Mount Sinai School of Medicine Postdoctoral Symposium is held with Nobel Prize-winning Harold Varmus, MD, as speaker.
Beth Israel Medical Center was the first hospital in New York City to be recognized as national leaders in LGBTQ Healthcare Equality by the Human Rights Campaign Foundation’s Healthcare Equality Index (HEI).
Top Ten Tips for serving the LGBT Patient Population, circa 2012
From Destination Diversity : Continuum’s Diversity Initiative newsletter, Fall 2010
Dianne LaPointe Rudow, DNP, joined Mount Sinai Medical Center to head the nation’s first multi-organ Living Donor Wellness Center.
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary founded The Shelley and Steven Einhorn Clinical Research Center to discover a new generation of treatments and diagnoses for degenerative eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and macular degeneration.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine created the Drug Toxicity Signature Center, with a grant of $11.6 million from the NIH, to develop cell signatures that could be used to predict the effects of certain drugs and drug combinations.
2015 (10 years ago)
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary opened a new state-of-the-art laser vision correction facility as part of comprehensive ophthalmology services offered through the hospital.
The dissolution of The Mount Sinai Alumni, Inc. was approved by New York State. The Alumni relations function was transferred to the Office of Alumni and Development.
The Mount Sinai Health System established The Spine Hospital at Mount Sinai (now Mount Sinai Spine), the first of its kind in New York City.
The Phillips Beth Israel School of Nursing (now Mount Sinai Phillips School of Nursing), previously affiliated with Pace University, offered the entire curriculum under its own New York State Board of Regents accreditation.
The Mount Sinai Health System announced that Mount Sinai Beth Israel Brooklyn would now be known as Mount Sinai Brooklyn. The change was an important part of Mount Sinai Health System’s overall brand strategy, intended to establish a concise, community-oriented identity for our hospital campuses. For a history of Mount Sinai Brooklyn, check out this post.
The Women in Medical Scientist Training Program (WiMSTP), a student-run organization with an aim to advocate for and support the success of women in the Medical Scientist Training Program at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai through mentorship and educational efforts, was founded.
WiMSTP in August, 2016
As a result of the activism and advocacy of medical students at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, the Racism and Bias Initiative was launched to explicitly address and undo racism and bias in all areas of medical school, and to center racial justice, health equity, and underrepresented voices and experiences of all medical education colleagues within the Department of Medical Education.
The Mount Sinai − National Jewish Health Respiratory Institute officially opened.
An OncoEndocrinology Clinic was established with Emily Gallagher, MD, PhD, as its first director, to provide evaluations and care for oncology patients.
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai announced the creation of the Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine to develop new transdisciplinary approaches for basic and translational research, facilitating precision medicine. Founding Director Ravi Iyengar, PhD, sought to use convergent approaches to integrate cell biology and human physiology with pathophysiology and electronic medical records using computational models.
Dr. Iyengar at his desk, 2017
The Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory in the Department of Preventive Medicine was dedicated in recognition of the late Senator’s tireless efforts to address children’s environmental health concerns during almost 30 years in Congress. The Lautenberg Laboratory brought together a team of physicians and researchers to analyze threats to pediatric health from air pollution and household chemicals, as well as social stressors and nutrition.
The Blau Center for Children’s Cancer and Blood Disease at Kravis Children’s Hospital opened.
Master of Science in Biostatistics program began at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Graduate School Biomedical Sciences.
The Mount Sinai Health System announced the creation of the Institute for Liver Medicine.
Mount Sinai Youth Advisory Council was created to enhance the delivery of care at The Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital; works with Child Life Program.
Dean Dennis S. Charney, MD, announced the creation of the Center for Spirituality and Health within the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Led by Deborah Marin, MD, the Center develops clinical, educational, and research activities designed to enhance our understanding of the significant role spirituality plays in the prevention of and recovery from physical and mental illnesses.
2020 (five years ago)
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai announced the establishment of the Institute for Genomic Health. Eimear Kenny, PhD, was appointed Director of the Institute, and Noura Abul-Husn, MD, PhD, as Clinical Director.
On March 7, Mount Sinai West admitted the first COVID-19 patient in the Health System.
Healthcare workers at Mount Sinai Queens on June 2, 2020Staff of Mount Sinai Queens outside during the nine minutes of silenceHealthcare workers at Mount Sinai Queens on June 2, 2020
On June 2, 2020, Mount Sinai employees showed solidarity with those protesting the killing of George Floyd at the hands of law enforcement in Minnesota. In a broadcast email, leadership announced “at 3 pm, we will show support for our community; support for our Black colleagues, family, friends, and neighbors; and support for those who are peacefully protesting the killing of George Floyd, and so many others before him. At 3:05 pm, we will begin nine minutes of silence, representing how long Mr. Floyd was unable to breathe. Please follow proper masking and social distancing rules during this event.”
Mount Sinai announced that surgeons performed the first-ever spinal tethering surgery in New York City to correct idiopathic scoliosis—a sideways curvature in the spine—in children and adolescents.
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai announced the creation of an Institute for Health Equity Research. The new Institute will be dedicated to examining the causes and magnitude of health and health care disparities impacting nonwhite, low-income, immigrant, uninsured, LGBTQ+, and other populations across all ages, abilities, and genders. Carol Horowitz, MD and Lynne Richardson, MD we named Directors of the Institute.
Emma K. T. Benn, DrPH, MPH, founded the Center for Scientific Diversity at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, an initiative of the Dean’s Office and the Institute for Health Equity Research to foster, develop, and assess empirically supported practices that promote and enhance scientific innovation, diversity, and equitable advancement within the biomedical investigator workforce.
Design by Jill GregoryPhotograph by Marcia E. Wilson
“There are so many changes and incidents that occur in an institution of this magnitude in the course of a year, and which together combine to make the total picture, that it is difficult within the time at my disposal, and within the bounds of your patience, to choose those that will most truly reflect its life.”
